MGT 501

Building up the Session Long Project Paper:â The SLP paper is a special chance to straightforwardly utilize the course materials to improve your comprehension of the OB-related issues inside your quick work association (or another association you know very well).â This should assist with making the course more by and by applicable. It would be ideal if you note that they ARE NOT just ‘personal opinion’ papers.â Rather, they solicit you to lead an arrangement from brief individual evaluations, relating bits of knowledge you have picked up from surveying the allocated scholarly materials, to your particular career.â Spend some time contemplating how to apply these appraisals and thinking of a considerable profession improvement intend to expand on your aptitudes and shore up your shortcomings. Your investigation ought to be around two twofold dispersed pages, in addition to incorporate both title and scholarly reference pages (equivalent to mentioned for each case paper).â Also, similarly as with the case paper, if it's not too much trouble utilize touching references (at the point in the paper where they are most relevant†¦again, see the TUI Style Sheet on this).â These will help your educator to all the more likely see how you have utilized the pertinent scholastic material to help your examination. The SLP for this class includes developing an individual stock of your administration aptitudes, and an arrangement for improving those abilities. In every module, you will finish an appraisal of an applicable arrangement of abilities, concentrating on your qualities and distinguishing any shortcomings that may have been uncovered through the evaluation an/or your own understanding. You will at that point be approached to make an arrangement by which you can 'develop' your qualities and shore up your shortcomings. Before the finish of the undertaking, you will have an individual administration profile and activity plan. In this module, you will survey your social mindfulness. Snap on this connect to Kwintessential Language and Culture Specialists. ((http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/assets/culture-tests.html)) You will discover a determination of 20 or so social mindfulness tests. Pick a couple of that looks fascinating to you. (Clue: You will gain proficiency with the most on the off chance that you pick a general test, or one that worries a nation with which you are not comfortable, just as test your insight into a culture with which you think you are profoundly recognizable.) After finishing the quiz(s), address the accompanying inquiries in a 1-page exposition: Which quiz(s) did you take? As I am from Asia and I do know a touch of Spanish, I took the Cross-Cultural test on Islam and on Mexico. Is it safe to say that you were astounded at your score? Indeed, I was somewhat astounded about the results.â In the Islam test, I got a 80 %, and in the Mexican test, I got 60 %. What qualities do you believe that you have in the territory of between social mindfulness? A portion of the qualities I have in the territory of culturally diverse mindfulness incorporates: †Knowing a touch of the neighborhood dialects, for example, Arabic, Urdu, and Spanish Knowing the traditions and conventions having a place of these gatherings Belonging to a similar religion or remaining with individuals of a similar religion as these gatherings. Having a thought of the mentalities, convictions and practices followed by these gatherings. Having regard for each other, independent of the position, statement of faith, race, and so forth. Having a greater amount of social experiences and associations Having a thought of communicating and building up a relationship with individuals from different societies Staying in a cosmopolitan domain I have met individuals from these nations I have found out about these gatherings in books and in sites.  · What shortcomings would you say you are ready to distinguish? I have not ventured out to these areas of the world I don't know to peruse and right the dialects verbally expressed in these districts Taking somewhat longer time to learn neighborhood dialects Taking longer time to get practiced with nearby customs †Create an arrangement of explicit advances would you be able to take to expand on your qualities and reduction regions of shortcoming. During diverse connections, the individual ought not be inclination and have a flawed disposition towards individuals having a place with certain social background.â These perspectives create when others give improper data of these groups.â Hence, we will in general create negative practices with people of these gatherings prompting pessimistic cooperations and awful experiences.â It would be increasingly significant for us to be fair and have a receptive outlook. 1. As I remain in a cosmopolitan situation, I would be open for conversation, collaborations and capacity to acknowledge individuals having a place with outside societies. 2. Before associating with any individual having a place with another social gathering, an exhaustive social evaluation like this should be directed. 3. When the culturally diverse abilities have been created, people having a place with different gatherings would start to confide in us and have a more grounded relationship with us. 4. During connections, eye-to-eye to eye connection is fundamental. 5. It is essential to regard the convictions, mentalities and practices of these gatherings during communications, the same number of them follow solid conventions and customs. 6. During intercultural connections, it is important to remember whatever thoughts exist of the mentalities, practices, customs and practices.â Even a tad of these set up as a regular occurrence would be distinguished by the other individual and would be appreciated.â along these lines, gradually connections can be created. 7. In the event that the individual communicates a conviction, which is offbeat in nature, it might be smarter to be nonjudgmental about it.â I would regard such odd as it would mean offering credit to the next individual’s culture. 8.It might be hard for me now and again to blend in with individuals from different societies, as I have not made a trip to different areas of the world.â However, perusing progressively about these people, their nations and their societies through books, recordings and the Internet can diminish the issue. 9.As I set aside longer effort to learn dialects, I would need to put forth an additional attempt to do so.â It might be simple for a kid to learn and acknowledge another dialect as they have great learning capacities.â However, when an individual crosses the age of 8 to 9, the capacity to gain proficiency with another dialect may decrease.â Adults having great inspirational limit would likewise have the option to become familiar with another language.â Hence, I would need to persuade myself further to get familiar with the new dialect. 10.â In request to get practiced with new conventions, a receptive outlook and more prominent measure of intercultural associations is required. For what reason is it significant for administrators to expand their degrees of social mindfulness? Administrators need to expand their degree of social mindfulness so they can build up a solid relationship with people having a place with other cultures.â Once these connections create, the two gatherings would start to trust and believe in one another.â The Managers could now persuade the staff and furthermore have the option to comprehend and take care of their issues better.â This would be certain not just for the chief and the staff part, yet in addition for the association in general. References: Campinha-Bacote, J. (2001), A model of training to address social skill in recovery nursing, Rehabilitation Nursing, 26(1).  Â

Buy Short Answers to Essay Questions Online

Buy Short Answers to Essay Questions Online Short Essay Questions Writing Online Home›Short Essay Questions Writing OnlineNeed questions and answers help online?Questions â€" Answers is a type writing that implies responding to the essay questions in a paragraph form. The total word count does not include the questions, only the provided answers. This task requires neither an introduction nor a conclusion. QA differs from a typical essay: so, it does not require a thesis, but there should be the topic included and clear concluding ideas. The free extras are the following: Title Page, Bibliography, References, and Works Cited.From this very moment you should cease your effortless search as you have managed to find the exceptional and trusted essay questions and answers writing service, which is recognized as the alluring leader in the industry of online academic writing.Hiring an expert from a good questions answers service, a student gets a guarantee of excellent academic performance having no more pressure or stresses of d eadlines, poor grades or overloading with tasks. (Only Reliable Payment Systems)Top-Notch Questions Answers Service for StudentsIf you get your home assignment in the form of a list of questions to be answered, there is no need to look for another professional writing service. Along with writing excellent research papers, essays, theses, dissertations, CVs, and other ordered papers, we also offer an outstanding questions answers help  for our customers. If your professor has given a list of essay questions and expects them to be answered in writing, you can either find time and conduct a research yourself or rely on us in putting the answers to writing. Out great writers will cope with the assignment within your set deadline.Order Tests Online and Pass Your Exam Successfully!

Facebook A Social Networking Sites At The Moment

Introduction Facebook is one of the most famous social networking sites at the moment. It was launched in February 2004 and it is owned by Mark Zuckerberg and his Harvard college roommates and fellow students Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. The website at the start was only for Harvard students but it soon expanded to colleges in the Boston area, then the Ivy League and Stanford University. When the website first started it was called The Facebook but was later changed to just Facebook . History of Facebook ïÆ'Ëœ February 4, 2004 – Mark Zuckerberg and his friends start Facebook or as it was called at that time â€Å"The Facebook† ïÆ'Ëœ June 2004 – Facebook gets its first investors. Peter Theil invests†¦show more content†¦Ã¯Æ'Ëœ October 1, 2010 – The Social Network, a movie about the owners and history of Facebook, premiers. ïÆ'Ëœ June 2010 – Facebook releases the popular ‘like’ button. ïÆ'Ëœ September 2011 – Facebook introduces Timeline, the space on your profile where you can see your own posts, posts from friends and stories you re tagged in organized by the date they were posted. ïÆ'Ëœ February 1, 2012 - Facebook files for an initial public offering. ïÆ'Ëœ April 24, 2012 – Facebook now has 900 million active users. ïÆ'Ëœ May 18, 2012 – Facebook shares go on the stock market. The people that own parts of the company all control the financial structure of Facebook. They all get a say in the decisions that the company makes but since Mark Zuckerberg set up the company he has more control over the company financial decisions because he owns a larger part of the company. Facebook is one of the biggest free social website and many people wonder how they make money. They make it by advertising. About $11.5 billion (92 percent) of the company $12.6 billion in 2014 revenue came from ads. The types of ads that you see depend on your interests and your status updates. If you put down your interests as tennis, for example, then you will see a lot of tennis related ads popping up on your page. Basically Facebook shows you ads depending on your interests, status updates and also the pages that you like and

Hierarchy Of Needs Theory The Article Review Of Abraham...

This article’s objective is to explain Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation. Maslow’s theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality. This article informs the reader about what makes up the established hierarchy pyramid and it explains what needs it consist of such as physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs. This article also expands on this theory by demonstrating the many criticisms it has faced since it was proposed. Another topic discussed was Maslow’s theory connection to business as well as international business and marketing. It was stated in the article that, â€Å"Maslow studied what he believed to be exemplary people such†¦show more content†¦After the physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer in Maslow’s hierarchy is the need of feeling love and belongingness. These are also very important needs for human, they need to be accepted and loved sexually and non sexaully by others. In the absence of feeling these needs, many people can become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression. As stated in the article, â€Å"All humans have a need to be respected, to have self-esteem and self-respect.† It is important for humans to engage themselves in activities that give a person recognition and sense of accomplishment and these include having a profession or a hobby. Many people with low self-esteem will not be able to improve their view of themselves simply by receiving fame, respect, and glory externally, but first accept themselves internall y. A person with a lower self- esteem according to Maslow, requires the respect of others, the need for status, recognition, and fame, while the ones with higher self esteem seek the need for strength, competence, independence and freedom. Ultimately, the hierarchy reaches self- actualization, this is the level where a person is reaching their full potential and realizing that potential. Before reaching this level, one must first not only achieve the previous needs, physiological, safety, love and esteem, but master these needs. Like many other theories that have been proposed, Maslows theory has also receivedShow MoreRelatedAbraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is one of the first theories of motivation and probably the best-known one. It was first presented in 1943. in Dr. Abraham Maslow’s article A Theory of Human Motivation in Psychological Review, and was further expanded in his book â€Å"Toward a Psychology of Being†. Maslow tried to formulate a needs-based framework of human motivation. His research was based upon his clinical experiences with humans, rather than priorRead MoreMaslows Hierarchy of Needs and Implications for Head Start Families1381 Words   |  6 PagesMASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS 2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Implications for Head Start Families Introduction Abraham Maslow was a prominent theorist that played a role in the formation of humanistic psychology. Maslow worked on a theory that would accommodate human motivation. The concept that behavior is motivated primarily by a person’s desired to fulfill a specific need. He proposed that is was our inner nature that we had basic needs that we strive to meet. Then as those needsRead MoreAbraham Maslow : The Theory Of Human Motivation1356 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Maslow: The Theory of Human Motivation Abraham Harold Maslow was an American psychologist, born on April 1st 1908 in Brooklyn New York City, N.Y. Maslow is better known for the creating of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which I believe to be human motivation. This is considered to be a theory of psychological health predicted on fulfilling human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization. Maslow being ranked as the 10th most cited psychologist of the 20th century; from a book whichRead MoreThe Importance Of Motivation And Its Outcomes1069 Words   |  5 Pagesresults. There are many theories about what motivates a person to behave in certain ways. When managing an organization it is important to understand and apply theories to keep personnel or employees productive and content. Three theories that can be applied to organizations in order to contribute to the organizational goal or mission accomplishment are: Frederick Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory, Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, and John Stacey Adams’ Equity Theory. Through research, FrederickRead MoreComparison of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs with Skinners Behaviorist Theory1587 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs with Skinners Behaviorist Theory Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper APA Fifth Edition Formatting Deborah DiBerardino Grand Canyon University: Educational Psychology EDU 313N Amy Wilkinson August 5, 2012 Comparison of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs with Skinners Behaviorist Theory The definition of motivation according to Dictionary.com is: â€Å"The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way; theRead MoreEmployee Motivation 1164 Words   |  5 Pagesa result many theories have evolved. Several theories on motivation exist. These theories are categorized as either content (needs-based) theories or process theories. Udechukwu (2009) states that process theories of motivation focus on the needs or values that favor job satisfaction. Adam’s equity theory, Vrooms expectancy theory, Skinners reinforcement theory, and Lockes goal setting theory fall under process theories of motivation category. On the other hand, content theories of motivationRead MoreInformation Security And Risk Assessment Model1386 Words   |  6 Pages Theories and Theorists Ram Gutta Walden University Abstract People, process, and technology are the main pillars for Information Security framework. Security controls are designed on the fundamental principles of confidentiality, integrity and availability. The orchestration between people, process and technology provides control mechanism and helps in mitigation or reduction of risk for critical assets. Any failure with security orchestration can expose the systems for vulnerabilitiesRead MoreTypes of Needs Malthus Theory2281 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is a need? * Require as useful, just, or proper. * A condition requiring relief. * Anything that is necessary but lacking. * A state of extreme poverty or destitution. Positive, GNMENT 1hunger that compels action for its satisfaction. Needs range from basic survival needs (common to all human beings) satisfied by necessities, to cultural, intellectual, and social needs (varying from place to place and age group to age group) satisfied by necessaries. Needs are finite butRead MoreEvaluate the Contribution of the Hawthorne Studies to the Development of Management Theory and Practice.1720 Words   |  7 Pagessubjected to many criticisms. Yet, the evolvement of many of the management theories today would not have come about without the experiments done by Elton Mayo. This essay will cover the various aspects of management that has been refined through the findings of the tests conducted and how improvements were made to aid in the development of organisational behaviour. It will also discuss the various studies and will show how these theories implement Hawthorne studies as the foundation and the basis of theRead MoreEmployee Motivation in the Workp lace1504 Words   |  6 Pagesis to critically evaluate and review three journal articles by John Honore (2009), James Lindner (1998), and an article by Fred Herrera (2002). All three articles discussed the topic of employee motivation in the workplace. The authors examined several motivational theories and put forward their ideas on the concepts and application of motivational techniques. The authors’ work provides insight into the psychology of motivation and the different factors and theories that affect it. My conclusion

Muslims and Science Free Essays

THEME OF ESSAY Please read the short book  Ã¢â‚¬ËœMuslims and Science’  by Pervaiz Hoodhbhoy. Provide your views on the central argument of this book. Building on your knowledge from Bronowski and Sagan, what were the vital characteristics that allowed Western civilization to outpace Muslim civilization in the development of science in the modern period? Muslims and Science By Zara Abbas(11020043) Perspective Ever since the advent of Islam in 7th Century, the Muslim civilization rapidly rose to the forefront of human achievement. We will write a custom essay sample on Muslims and Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now Remarkable progress was made not only in the fields of sciences and philosophy – i. e. mathematics, astrology, astronomy, optics, cartography, medicine, anthropology, logic and literature – but they also became the dominant military and economic power of the world by the 13th Century. These accomplishments were made possible by a number of underlying factors prevailing at that time in Muslim history. The significant ones being the territorial and commercial expansion of Muslim influence to a vast area where a treasure trove of Greek, Persian and Roman works in science, medicine and philosophy was made available to their intellectuals to build upon; Patronage and encouragement was given to Muslim scholars by the ruling elite of that time, several universities were built in the Muslim lands and a spirit of freedom for inquisitive research across the religious divide was created and encouraged. But then, owing to a raging and endless conflict between the forces of logic and reason and those of rigid religious fundamentalism, Muslim Science lost its appeal and eventually disappeared into near oblivion. Resultantly, the culture of patronage of those seeking knowledge and the pursuit of excellence in the fields of sciences and the arts also died. The Muslim World today, comprising 57 countries and 1. 57 billion people – which is roughly one fifth of the world population – has made no significant contribution to science or offered anything substantial towards technology[1] during the last 500 years. It remains in a state of intellectual stagnation while its inept and corrupt leaders rule without any vision or foresight. Budgetary allocations for sciences and general education in most Islamic countries are low resulting in their dependence on the West for survival in vital areas of human activity. Their collective wealth of human capital and vast preserve of natural resources are being wasted on non-development expenditures. The continuing cycle of regressive policy formulation has perpetuated poverty, conflict and instability in most Muslim countries. This deliberate neglect has not only created frustration and despondency amongst the Muslim youth but has also provided space to the orthodox religious forces to breed a deep rooted hatred for the ‘Christian West’ being a convenient scapegoat. In the context of Pakistan and its regional geo-political environment we find ourselves trapped in a serious internal conflict, socio-economic insecurity, political instability and institutional collapse which have retarded the pace of societal progress. This bleak scenario provides enough motivation to dejected members of the society to join extremist elements for their self actualization. When the sad decline of Muslims began after almost 5 centuries of world domination, the West started overtaking them in every field of human enterprise ranging from means of warfare, industry, economics, education, governance and culture. This ascendency of European nations is attributed to the collapse of feudal economy, relegation of the Church from socio-political dominance to mere religious preaching, emergence of capitalistic economy, development of a secular and rational approach towards scientific and social education[2] and lastly the productive cum commercial usefulness of science and technology for the human race. Unfortunately, the gap between both civilizations in the domain of scientific research and technological advancement has steadily widened during the last 400 years. It is therefore imperative upon the Islamic world to take drastic but pragmatic measures to stem the tide; otherwise we are headed towards an impending disaster. This is precisely the ‘Central Argument’ of Dr. Parvez Hoodbhoy’s Book ‘Muslims and Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality†. Although a nuclear physicist by profession, Dr Hoodbhoy has shown remarkable insight into a subject of academic specialization and contemporary importance and has produced a timely and dispassionate analysis of the causes of decline of the Muslim world in the fields of sciences after remaining in the forefront for centuries. His persuasive and lucid style of argument, which at times seems rather offensive for typical Pakistani (i. e. Muslim) sensibilities, takes the reader through the entire spectrum of factors affecting the Muslim loss of world leadership and retreat from modernity. Simultaneously, he also highlights the special characteristics of the Western nations that propelled them towards human excellence and accomplishment not only in sciences but also in societal activity. Finally, he also suggests some functional and sensible measures to progressively take the Muslims onto the path of modernity and scientific enterprise in harmony with our Islamic ethos. Aim The aim of this essay is to enunciate my own reflections on the decline of Muslim society after leading the world for centuries as against the ascendency of Western powers through their superior human actualization with a view to proposing a realistic way forward for the Muslims in light of the notions expressed by Hoodbhoy, Bronowski and Sagan. What Ails The Muslim World Over the past five centuries people in Islamic societies have tried to come to terms with the reality of their relegation to being the world’s ‘followers’ after remaining its ‘leading light’ for an equally long period in the medieval ages. The crucial but relevant question of, ‘What went wrong? ’ agitates the minds of Muslim intellectuals and youth alike. But beyond seeking scapegoats the question remains unanswered. There seems to be no common agreement and honest acknowledgement of our own failings that led to our sad but steady decay, particularly so in the arena of scientific development. However, armed with my study of the subject ‘Science and Civilization’ I shall briefly put forward an objective view of the malaise afflicting the Muslims. 1. Historical Causes of Muslim Decline a. Orthodoxy versus Rationality. The long drawn clash (801 – 1406 AD) between the supporters of Pre destination/Revelation and other Orthodox/Conservative scholars of Sharia, Theology and Islamic jurisprudence (represented by Al Ghazali, Ahmad Bin Hanbal, Al Ashari, Ibn e Taymia, Al Maalik) and the Qadarites/Mutazlites (i. e. the proponents of Free Will, Ethics and Reason represented by Al Kindi, Al Razi, Ibn e Sina, Ibn e Rushd and Ibn e Khaldun)[3] eventually led to the victory of the forces of ossified religiosity and swept rational thought away from Islamic intellectualism. Thus the hitherto patronage, respect and support extended to the scholars by the nobility of the times were also withdrawn under pressure from the conservatives. Sadly, the separation between the fundamentalists and secular/rational Muslims became complete and exists till the present times. Thereafter, no one could dare combine reason with revelation in Islam. The edifice of Islamic science and intellectual glory was reduced to ruin and could not be rebuilt. b. Non Scientific Attitude. As a logical corollary of the aforementioned rigidity of thought amongst the Muslim Orthodoxy, the attitudinal notions required for the nurture and development of sciences did not evolve in the Muslim world after the defeat of rationality. The arrival of dogma and rigidity in Muslim intellectual thought led them to the rejection of ‘prediction’, ‘imagination’, ‘curiosity or the spirit of inquiry’ and ‘the will or urge to control one’s physical environment to human advantage’- essential ingredients of scientific knowledge – resulting in the death of creative activity. Likewise, Muslims of the ‘post golden age’ inherited a general lack of spirit and interest in ‘theoretical’ learning of various sciences owing to their insignificant material reward or utility. They would rather opt for acquisition of practical knowledge for ‘utilitarian’ ends instead of developing a general atmosphere of learning where ‘abstract thought’ and ‘spiritual values could be nurtured. [4] This general apathy towards academic learning steadily became a societal attitude amongst the Muslim generations which exists even today. c. Muslim Educational System. The traditional concept and orientation of education in Muslim societies aims at harmonizing all knowledge with Islamic thought whereby the student remains wedded to his/her Islamic ethos. This develops an attitude of ‘acquiring revealed knowledge’ being a Divine command rather than ‘discovering’ it through inquisitive and participative means. The traditional mode of education followed over centuries in the Muslim world led them to nurture the values of ‘rote learning’, ‘historical and conceptual continuity’,[5] ‘self righteousness’ and ‘rigidity’ in their psyche. Their consequent inability to respond and adjust to a constantly changing world denied them the chance to progress and achieve scientific excellence. d. Capitalism versus Islamic Law. The scientific and industrial revolution in Europe transformed a hitherto feudal society into a modern capitalistic culture. This was achieved through the creation of a bourgeois class capable of investments, innovations and structural changes to coordinate the new means of production and technical progress with the new complex economic challenges. This automatically led to the development of a comprehensive legal system for regulation and dispute resolution of the new socio economic realities. [6] As against this the Islamic jurisprudence, being derived from Quranic injunctions and Prophetic traditions, has a fixed set of rules and defining principles within which justice is to be provided and these laws cannot not be altered or modified to suit changing situations. Therefore, capitalist economy could not take root and develop in its classical sense in Muslim societies. . Economic Causes. When the colonization of Muslim lands in began in the 18th Century, Muslim civilization was urban based with the city dwellers depending on the continuous and assured supply of means of subsistence from the rural peasantry. Such supplies would continue even during conditions of famine or strife with state assistance. Therefore, Muslim economies of that time remained immune from Europe’s revolutionary advancement. Likewise, Muslim urban centers never developed municipal or corporate institutions meant for stimulation of economic growth through industry and trade. [7] As a result the Muslim economic order of that era could not compete with Europe’s phenomenal economic growth. f. Means of Warfare. The steady European advancement in the means of warfare (concepts and weaponry) along with the progress made in industry and technology after the 15th Century was also an important factor in causing European victories on the battlefield. By comparison the Muslims could not generate comparable military muscle/prowess. This incompatibility increased substantially by the 18th Century resulting in the occupation of Muslim territories in North Africa, Spain, Balkans, Russia, India and Iran culminating into the colonization of almost the entire Muslim world by the 19th Century. [8] g. Non Existence of a Power Structure. The power structure of a society determines its dominant attitudes towards scientific enquiry and acquisition of knowledge. In the absence of a central authority wielding politico-religious and military power as against the Church in medieval Europe, the Islamic world did not possess the means of exercising control over its territories/subjects and resolving disputes. This inherent weakness laid bare the possibility of insurrection by powerful religious factions/sects, seizing control of distant lands by usurpers or mobilization of the majority sect against minority viewpoint on liberal religious groups. 9] This was a serious organizational weakness that eventually proved detrimental to the political, economic and intellectual ascendency of the Islamic society. 2. Present State of Muslim Science/Education a. Scientific Progress. A recent study of the World Bank indicates that the quality of scientific as well as general education in the Muslim World is rapidly falling behind the rest of the World and needs urgent attention if it is to cope with the demands of the future. While some Islamic countries – like Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Malaysia, Iran and Nigeria – have drastically increased their respective resource allocations to boost general education and the Sciences, their traditional attitudes towards the education of women, non separation of religious thought from the secular nature of scientific education and discouraging a scientific culture based upon innovation, quantification and empirical verification remain uncompromising to this date. b. Science in the Productive Sector. Despite a universal recognition of the importance of industrial sector for a nation’s economic growth, value added production of contemporary Muslim economies is woefully low. Barring Malaysia, the nature of economy of key Muslim countries remains basically agro and mineral extraction. [10] Therefore their accumulated economic strength/capacity is comparatively lower than other developing economies. This indicates that the ‘science to production’ ratio is negligible with little indications of improvement. c. Scientific Output. The overall scientific output of Muslim countries, as indicated by the number of science research papers published together with the citations to them, indicates that we stand alarmingly low in comparison with others like India, Brazil, China and USA. Likewise, we find that 46 Muslim countries contributed 1. 17 % of the world’s science literature as against 1. 66% and 1. 48% respectively from India and Spain alone. Interestingly, 20 Arab countries contributed 0. 55% in comparison to 0. 89 % by Israel. Moreover, the scientific worth or quality of a fairly large number of these papers was not only below par but some were even plagiarized. A study by academics at the International Islamic University Malaysia showed that OIC countries have 8. 5 scientists, engineers, and technicians per 1000 population, compared with a world average of 40. 7, and 139. 3 for countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. [11] It is also a known fact that the number of Muslim Nobel Laureates is still in single digit in comparison to hundreds from Israel alone. This state of affairs does not augur well for the future of Muslim science. d. Scientific Enterprises. Over the last decade or so Muslim Governments have been steadily increasing their S T budgets with a view to inducing greater scientific activity. The existing average spending of 57 Islamic countries on R D is 0. 3% of their GNP which remains far below the global average of 2. 4%. [12] Nonetheless, the there is a perceptible trend of higher spending in major Muslim countries. But bigger budgets alone would not arrest the deteriorating standards unless the capacity to spend these monies is also built simultaneously on developing a critical mass of scientists, engineers and technicians besides improving their quality and professionalism. Recent surveys also indicate that spending on higher education has increased significantly resulting in a sharp rise in the number of institutions, students and infrastructural improvements. But these centers of learning still lack the qualitative edge that could make them rank amongst the foremost 500 in the world which is not the case at the moment. e. Educational Paradox – Pakistan’s Context. Ever since Pakistan’s independence no government has ever given education any status in the list of its national priorities. The public sector expenditure on this vital sector has remained abysmally low (i. e. ranging between 2. 16% to 2. 42 % of GDP from 2003-08 but was reduced to a paltry 2% in 2010 budget)[13] which compares poorly with other South Asian countries. This has left Pakistan’s literacy rates as the lowest in the region (i. e. 57% – which is 69% males and 45% females). [14] The poor quality of the learning environment is evident from the fact that a large number of schools lack basic infrastructure — 37. per cent of the schools up to the elementary level don’t have boundary walls, 33. 9 per cent lack drinking water facility, 37 per cent don’t have latrines and 60 per cent are without electricity. [15] Owing to the criminal neglect of various successive governments in formulating coherent and sustainable education policies for the people by investing in this vital sector, we have not only ended up losing precious generations to the vicissitudes of time but h ave also denied them the opportunity to improve their lot through acquisition and development of skills. Apart from this, the general apathy and indifference shown towards education by our rulers has led to the creation of a stratified system of educational prejudice. In that the ‘rich and the elite’ go to the private ‘English medium’ schools while the ‘commoner class’ attends the government run ‘Urdu medium’ schools. This puts the common citizen at an unfair disadvantage against the well to do child when both aspire and compete for admission into professional institutions. Recommendations In the words from Dr. Hoodbhoy borrowed from one of his recent papers, ‘Progress will require behavioral changes. If Muslim societies are to develop technology instead of just using it, the ruthlessly competitive global marketplace will insist on not only high skill levels but also intense social work habits. Science can prosper among Muslims once again, but only with a willingness to accept certain basic philosophical and attitudinal changes—i. e. shrug off the dead hand of tradition, reject fatalism and absolute belief in authority, accept the legitimacy of temporal laws, value intellectual rigor and scientific honesty, and respect cultural and personal freedoms. The struggle to usher in science will have to go side-by-side with a much wider campaign to elbow out rigid orthodoxy and bring in modern thought, arts, philosophy, democracy, and pluralism’. Within this forthright observation lies an abstract framework of our future plan of action based on common sense and principles of logic and reason. However, we would need to tread this path with farsighted prudence and devise our strategic thinking in harmony with the obtaining socio political realities of the Islamic world. Such an approach warrants a judicious and systematic execution but profound application so that the reform process permeates into the Muslim soul without agitating its impassioned sensibilities. The new model of our education philosophy should recognize and affirm that science and religion are complementary and not contradictory to each other. Therefore, the revised concept of scientific education should clearly state that both disciplines are separate domains which do not overlap; and that there can never be a conflict between the two as long as their protagonists do not stoke public passions for self aggrandizement. The other areas where reform is proposed are listed below: †¢ Remodel the entire concept/ philosophy of general education at the primary /secondary levels with a view to developing the traits of inquisitiveness, empirical and deductive thought process and the ability to challenge/question precepts and assumptions. †¢ Basic education up to Matriculation (or equivalent standard) should be made compulsory for all citizens (both genders) in all Muslim countries. †¢ Budgetary allocation for education be brought at par with laid down UNESCO standards. Revitalize the tertiary and post graduate education system by improving the infrastructure and facilities, provision of high quality teaching staff and improving the quality/worth of scientific research. †¢ Current standards of vocational training for skill development of technicians should be refined, upgraded and rejuvenated to match the ongoing technological advancement. †¢ The syllabi of Deeni Madaris (religious s chools) should be suitably revamped and harmonized with the current trends in modern education. †¢ The existing disparity between the standards of education/syllabi of Public and private schools be minimized at priority. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢ Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books , 1991) †¢ Bernard Lewis , â€Å"What Went Wrong? † (Perennial Harper Collins 2002) †¢ Jacob Bronowski, â€Å"The Ascent of Man† (1973) †¢ Carl Sagan, â€Å"Cosmos† (1980) †¢ Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Science and the Islamic World – The Quest for Rapprochement† , â€Å"Physics Today† August 2007 pg 49 lt; http://ptonline. aip. org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_60/iss_8/49_1. shtml? bypassSSO=1 gt; †¢ â€Å"Muslim World Education – Falling Behind†, ‘Khilafah. Com’ , 24 Feb 2008 lt; http://www. khilafah. com/index. hp/the-khilafah/education/2019-muslim-world-education-falling-behind gt; †¢ Dr. Ahmad shafaat, â€Å"a review of Pervez Hoodbhoy, Islam and Science: Religious Orthodoxy and Battle for Rationality† November 2002 lt; h ttp://www. islamicperspectives. com/ReviewPervezHoodbhoy. htm gt; †¢ Khawar Ghumman, â€Å"Only two percent of GDP Spent on Education†, Dawn. Com, (5 Jun 2010) , lt; http://www. dawn. com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/front-page/21-only-2pc-of-gdp-spent-on-education-560-sk-09 gt; ———————– [1] â€Å"Muslim World Education – Falling Behind†, ‘Khilafah. Com’ , 24 Feb 2008 lt; http://www. khilafah. om/index. php/the-khilafah/education/2019-muslim-world-education-falling-behind gt; [2] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991) pg 2 161. [3]Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991),pg 115 – 141. [4]Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Ort hodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991) pg 145 – 149. [5] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991), pg 149 – 154. 6] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991), pg 154 – 156. [7] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991), pg 157 – 160. [8] Bernard Lewis , â€Å"What Went Wrong? † (Perennial Harper Collins 2002), pg 18 – 34. [9]Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books , 1991), pg 161. [10]Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books , 1991), p g 34 – 37. 11] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy(2007), â€Å"Science and the Islamic World – The Quest for Rapprochement† ,Physics today’ August 2007 pg 49 lt; http://ptonline. aip. org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_60/iss_8/49_1. shtml? bypassSSO=1 gt; [12] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Science and the Islamic World – The Quest for Rapprochement† ,Physics Today’ August 2007 pg 49 lt; http://ptonline. aip. org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_60/iss_8/49_1. shtml? bypassSSO=1 gt; [13] Government of Pakistan – Ministries of Finance and Education – How to cite Muslims and Science, Papers

Beloved (435 words) Essay Example For Students

Beloved (435 words) Essay BelovedThe movie Beloved takes place just after the civil war, during slavery. Thestory takes place in a rough-hewn house outside of Cincinnati. The house belongsto an ex-slave named Sethe. She has gone from plantation life to owning thishouse. The house contains a lot of memories. Sethe has went through so muchtorment. She was raped by some men on her plantation and her husband saw. Sethes husband paid for the freedom of her and her children. Sethe gave birthto a child and was helped by a white woman while on her way to the North. Shepromised to name her child after her. That is how Denver got her name. She wasjailed for killing one of her children because she did not want the slave man toretrieve them. She was stopped before she could kill the rest of her children. Leading to the climax of the movie is the arrival of a breath taking apparition. A beautiful young women dressed in mourning is washed up on a river bank. Thishappens to be Beloved. Throughout the movie, Beloved slowly reveals herearthbound side. Before she was at the crossroads of the supernatural and thenatural world. Beloved cunningly suspends Sethe between past horrors and thepotential of renewing those past horrors. Oprah Winfrey, who plays Sethe,supplies a sense of the deep, stubborn essential to Sethes survival. Sethes friend Paul D, an ex-slave, who has wondered alone for nearly twodecades wanders to Sethes door looking for some place to alight. Sethe letshim stay because she too has been alone for some years now. She enjoys hiscompany. He did not get off at a good hand with Denver because she was not useto sharing her mother. Denver did not have to share her mother since she canremember because her brothers had left when she was still an infant. Paul D andher teen-age daughter Denver are both devastated by this dangerous person whocalls herself Beloved. Denver and Paul D had just reached a truce before Belovedhad came. Things got back to being hectic. But Denver Befriends Beloved andtreats her as her sister. Beloved brought tension to the house. She wanted to bespoiled by sethe. Denver started to feel rejected. Paul D is so uncomfortablewith Beloveds presence that he stops sleeping in the bed and starts sleepingin on a chair. Beloved has this force that she uses. Anything that she wants sh ewill do something in order to get it. Beloved is the spirit of Sethes childthat she killed. Beloved did not think that was fair. Beloved has come to getrevenge, and she haunts and torments Sethe until she is satisfied.

Employee Resistance in the Workplace

Introduction Although employee resistance and managerial control are core processes at the workplace, their operation tends to be by and large concealed and as such, it is quite hard to observe (Prasad Prasad 2000, p. 1). When the two core processes are run smoothly, this results in enhanced production efficiencies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Employee Resistance in the Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, contends that â€Å"awkward, inefficient, or ill-directed movements of men† (Taylor 1911, p. 1) can be a cause of the non-effective production process. Nonetheless, the above statement is a general way of demonising resistance and it does not even consider that resistance can be potentially constructive. The simple way in which resistance has been treated by conventional management theories has received criticism from modern management theories. In this case, these modern th eories indicate that through proper harnessing, resistance can in fact benefit an organisation. In an attempt to examine the issue of employee resistance in the workplace, the essay shall first examine why resistance exists, and the various techniques of resistance experienced in the workplace (Waddell Sohal 1998). In addition, the essay shall also attempt to explore the positive and negative impacts of resistance (Rudge, 1990). Finally, the essay shall discuss a number of managerial practices as they impact on resistance in the workplace (Mydans 2009). Through an in-depth analysis of the aforementioned sections, the essay shall in fact attempt to show that to a certain extent, management may be responsible for resistance in the workplace. With proper harnessing however, resistance need not be destructive for an organisation because by properly harnessing it, management can be able to do away with dissent. Reasons for employees’ resistance The very act of employee resistance appears to contradict the unitarism theory of management which holds that organisations should remain fully unchallenged. On the other hand, it symbolises the problem of urgency whereby an employer provides minimal wages but still expect the greatest labour. This results in a huge gap between the expectations of the management and those of the employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a bid to bridge this gap, the management might deem it necessary to institute certain management techniques in a bid to pressurise employees to yield to their demands. In this case, the goal is to enhance employees’ productivity at no extra cost (Pullen 2006). In addition, there is also the institutionalisation of corporate ethics and culture. Consequently, these pressures, in combination or in isolation, stimulate resistance. Resistance is indicative of the employees’ concer ns and the health of the management (Prasad Prasad 2000, p. 388). Milgram (1974) argues that we need to review the elements of resistance, deconstruct them, and make room for obedience. On the other hand, Weddell Sohal (1998) have endeavoured to study resistance from a prospective point of view. Whereas management resistance endevour to show flaws in the status quo or managerial process, on the other hand, political resistance tries to â€Å"score points† against superiors or equals (Strategic Direction, 2002, p. 21). True resistance alone cannot be caused by dissatisfaction; it can only result in dissent (Weddell Sohal 1998, pp. 434-435). In addition to assessing the reasons for employee resistance, it would also be fitting to explore resistance techniques. The key areas to assess in categorising resistance include its conformity with the organisation’s legal, ethical and social frameworks, as well as how it acts to establish new spheres of influence. Rosen (1988) has endevoured to provide us with a sound example of institutionalised dissent by way of presenting an analysis of the corporate Christmas party analysis. The author manages to establish a â€Å"steam valve effect†. The author borrows heavily from Turner (1974) who notes that hierarchy â€Å"is all that apart, defines their differences, and constrains their actions† (Turner, 1974, p. 54). This is a clear sign that the management is privy to the strain that emanates from their hierarchy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Employee Resistance in the Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In an attempt to counter this, employee have the privilege of wearing Christmas party skits with the full blessings of the management. This symbolises social order subversion within an institution. Effects of resistance Effects of resistance, and not the motivation or cause, places the management in a dilemma. While approaching management issues, classic management calls for the use of the Unitarist theory. In this, organisations ought to enjoy complete solidarity. However, Unitarists underscore the negative impacts of resistance. Unitarists support â€Å"Fordism† while â€Å"Toyotism† has been embraced by contemporary management theorists (Peaucelle, 2000). The author further opines that resistance is inevitable and as such, organisations needs to harness and manage it and derive the ensuing benefits. On the basis of the foregoing arguments, there is the need to examine how resistance affects an organisation whether negatively or positively. The theories of Ackoff (1994) and Milgram (1974) and Taylor (1911) acts as a springboard to for launching an examination of how resistance affects an organisation negatively. Taylor provides a superficial theory in his view of resistance as an indication of reduced productivity. Taylor has derived productivity form these production phases, e ach of which demands a different level of absolute efficiency (Taylor, 1911, p. 2). In this case, any form of resistance (or what Taylor calls the â€Å"ill directed movements of men† (Taylor, 1911, p. 1) is an attempt to alter this scientific and absolute efficiency, resulting in a huge opportunity cost for resistance. It is important to note that conventional managers have tried to avoid this opportunity cost for resistance. Milgram examines how resistance results in reduced disobedience of the workforce. On the other hand, Ackoff (1994) notes that resistance enhances the â€Å"power over† of an organisation in as far as the management concerned (p. 112), at the expense of leadership.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Milgram (1974) highlights the Binding Factors that make up resistance. They include, respect for the superiors, fear of the status quo and the ramifications of resistance. The Binding Factors are useful in that they help to reduce resistance forces. In addition, their also increase the ability of employees to resist change. Milgram also conducted experiments that supported the theory. These experiments revealed a significant reduction in the levels of obedience of the subjects in response to changing management, dissent, and contradictions (by as much as 55% between Experiment 1 and Experiment 17).  Ackoff (1994) opines that as resistance increases, domination increases as well. As such, resistance hinders the hitherto dominant workplace equilibrium. There are several positive effects related to resistance, among them are the â€Å"steam valve effects† (Milgram, 1974), â€Å"increased communication†, as it is stated in Rudge (1990), and one more important effect that should be taken into consideration is enhanced productivity linked to â€Å"volunteerism† (Milgram, 1974), and, of course, the â€Å"innovation effect† (Rudge, 1990). Taking into account the higher level of skills possessed by workers, managers should no longer be charged with the responsibility of implementing a given static production system. Instead, Denimg (1992) proposes that managers should be charged with the responsibility of enforcing inefficient production, setting quality goals, and productivity (p. 1). In addition, managers should lead their workforce by example in ensuring that they teach them how problems should be solved (Lennie 1999). Resistance may yield improved innovations in the workplace, as long as there is the right motivation to do so. Deming (1982), while studying the Nashua Corporation, notes that the chemists and engineers at this factors managed to utilise less volumes of coating materials by employing creative and innovative techniques (p. 11). This is a sign that one of the positive effects of resistance to an organisation is increased effectiveness and efficiency (Dale Burrell 2000). As Rudge (1990) notes, majority of the organisational structures have vertical communication system and when resistance comes in this paves way for multi-level communication (pp. 210- 231). Even as Milgram predicated that resistance can only beget more resistance, on the other hand, his model likes the positive impacts of resistance to a â€Å"steam valve† that helps to rid of angst and pressure within the organisation, albeit in a comparatively harmless manner. Moreover, the Agentic State calls for unquestioning moral dissociation and obedience and these aspects do not always mirror the organisation’s best interest. According to Dale (2001), an organisation is psychotic, uncontrolled and psychopathic. If an employee manages to break the Agentic Cycle, he/she can assess the external actions of an organisation (Milgram, 1 974, pp. 179-190). Much of the productive success at Toyota is associated with the decision by management to embrace â€Å"resistance† based production. In this case, the company encourages the employees to embrace an external point of view while reflecting on organisation and production process (Brown, 2004, p. 2). Besides, an employee is in a better position to assess his/her own ideas and intentions for strong decisions even without having to rely on superiors and fellow workers (Jackall, 1988, p. 76). Separately, Deming (1982) argues that organisations are likely to benefit from increased volunteerism, thanks to the freedom of resistance (p. 3). As such, an organisation stands to benefit from a number of positive effects through resistance such as communication, innovation and increased morality, as opposed to enforced work ethic, and reduced strain. Although there are various negative and positive effects of resistance, nonetheless, the tremendous rise in productivity vi a resistance more than compensates for the negative effects, and more so because allowing for formal channels for dissent as opposed to enabling â€Å" informal routine forms of resistance [which are]†¦ less visible† (Prasad Prasad, 2000, pp. 1, 2) result in better control. Harnessing resistance Doing routine tasks leads to boredom and this is likely to de-motivate the employees. On the other hand, lack of diversity and differentiation is likely to result in resistance (Cohen Taylor 1992). To a certain extent, management could be seen as responsible for resistance. For example, an organisation that practices â€Å"Taylorism† (that is, ‘do the job my way’) criminalises individuality and creativity. In addition, corporate culture demands that employees think according to how the management would want, as opposed to how they would want to think. In case they try to think differently, this is often seen as a form of resistance. Familiarity and habits ar e responsible for the lack of enthusiasm towards change among employees in the workplace. Managers should learn how best to manage resistance since failed change efforts come at a cost to the organisation (Cohen Taylor 1992). There are various techniques that managers can employ in organisations to gain confidence and cooperation from workers, effectively reducing resistance. One of the main strategies is the reward structure regulation (Rothschild Miethe 1994). Effective managers do not go for the direct techniques of gaining compliance such as firing, promotions, and raises. Because they are aware that these are just quick fixes, they instead opt for social influence or persuasion techniques that include negotiations and discussions. Nonetheless, they should not be seen to misuse the power at their disposal. Both staff and management do not fully understand how power works and as such, instead of treating it as a form of association with others, they view it as an individual pos session. As a result, they try to deny or ignore the fact that ultimately, they rely on staff. They therefore resort to coercive power. On the other hand, employees react through coercive strategies as well. A vicious circle thus ensues and it greatly hinders any potential for productive relationships between staff and management (Knight Roberts 1982, p. 47). Rudge (1990) has subdivided the different ways in which an organisation can handle resistance. The author presents the traditional, classical, human relations, charismatic and systemic management theories and how they respond to resistance. Therefore, they are unproductive, immoral, and non-reflective. On the other hand, the human relations and systemic theories employ respect and volunteerism as a way of minimising feelings of negativity within an organisation. In addition, the two theories have comparatively selfless purposes. Moreover, the two theories also make room for formal dissent, resulting in improved productivity an d happiness within the organisations (Rudge, 1990, pp. 211-231). Taking into account the resilience that characterises resistance, discouraging it becomes even more difficult. Ezzamel, Willmott and Worthington (2001) argue that an emotionally charged concern by an organisation to preserve its self-identity may induce resistance. It is important for management to remain comfortable with dissent and the associated irrationality. This is a less tangible or visible target as opposed to trying to understand the issue of employee resistance. This just goes to show the difficulty we would have to encounter if we tried to crush dissent. There are positive effects associated with harnessing resistance. In contrast, if we decided to crush resistance once and for all, we may end up antagonising colleagues of those who have put up the resistance in the process. In the end, we only worsen the situation. Only a handful of textbooks and management journals have dwelt on labour process theory. Even when referenced, authors usually link it to the criticism of Taylorism as documented by Braverman (1974). The mainstream management theory tries to explain the horizontal and vertical divisions of labour within a capitalist enterprise in the realm of functional contributions to productivity or efficiency. On the other hand, labour process theory looks at these divisions in terms of a structural antagonism evident in the ensuing struggles between providers of labour on the one hand who are trying hard to get hold of gainful employment and on the other hand, management agents and owners who are concerned with not only security capital accumulation, but also in sustaining it (Braverman 1974). On the basis of the latter context, managers are not simply employed to harmonise complex work processes. Instead, the hiring of managers is with a view to ensuring the attainment of adequate productive efforts and in the end sees to it that labour results in the sale of services and goods to acc umulate capital. There is endemic conflict between workers (wages) and owners (dividends) regarding the distribution of surplus, as well as how the work in the organisation has been designed to ensure surplus production. Nonetheless, such a conflict is time and again institutionalised or suppressed with the result that it is rarely manifested in industrial action. Labour process analysis is geared towards examining the exploitation of employees in the workplace. Therefore, it takes into account the perception of an individual on how these structures should be enacted (Ezzamel et al. 2001, p. 1060). Such processes are only concerned with individuals as long as they symbolize certain economic categories. However, there is a drawback to this particular stance because it marginalizes or excludes the importance of the daily dynamics of â€Å"class struggle† as explained by management control and worker resistance, in trying to condition worker consent or while designing work. In t his regard, it fails to consider for example, the anticipated or actual resistance by workers to specific types of controls. Managers can favour a specific management strategy because it provides them with a means of postponing or accommodating â€Å"the contradictory of self-destructive forces† of capital accumulation. Since they have become accustomed to such a management strategy, they are frequently drawn towards it. In the same way, employees could devise or favour lines of security, ideological or political values that would best suit their interests. Giddens (1984) contents that the ‘capability’ and ‘knowledgeability’ of human agents are more concerned with the courses of action that may help them to secure self-identity, as opposed to spoiling or threatening it. The structured antagonisms between on the one hand, labour and on the other hand, capital, acts as a source of pressure to the mangers in the workplace to either refine or strengthen the means of control. In contrast, the antagonism pressures the employees to develop or bolster forms of resistance. Various stages of interpretation are thus required to help recognize, examine, and attend to these pressures. As such through ‘traditions and understandings’ we can be able to mediate relations between say, managers, and shopfloor workers. Conclusion The current essay was an attempt to explore the truthfulness (or lack of) the idea that managers â€Å"should try to eliminate the resistance of employers†, as it is one of the most â€Å"destructive issues† that can cause ineffective production. Based on the foregoing arguments on reasons for employee resistance, the effects of resistance in the workplace and how to harness it, the essay proves the statement wrong. To start with, the essay examines the reasons why there is resistance in the workplace, along with the various techniques of resistance. It therefore emerges that resistance in the w orkplace occurs for credible reason and as such, it is not baseless, as evidenced by the informative methods of resistance and reasons for dissent. In addition, there is ample evidence in the essay to show that there is more to resistance in the workplace than mere destruction. Although several negative effects of resistance in the workplace emerged, nonetheless, through the application of the official means of resistance, it is quite possible to control them. In the final section of the essay, the various management techniques as they impact on resistance in the workplace have been evaluated. What emerges then is that employees who embrace resistance are more likely to be productive in comparison with their counterparts who are yet to embrace resistance. In addition, they are also likely to possess higher moral; ethics, and be open to others. On the other hand, it is important to underscore the fact that the essay has pinpointed the difficulty associated with eradicating resistance fully from an organisation, further arguing that the management can hardly be able to achieve this goal. As such, most of the time, resistance tends to be positive, as opposed to negative. In any case, management has found it rather hard to crust resistance in the workplace. Antagonism between labuor and capital is a constant source of conflict between employees and the management. Use of coercive power by management forces the staff to also employ coercive defensive strategies, resulting in a vicious circle. Managers and employees alike should be good readers of resistance to enhance a better understanding of its meaning, causes, effects, and eventually, more powerful workplaces. Reference List Ackoff, R. L., 1994. The Democratic Corporation – A Radical Prescription for Recreating  Corporate America and Rediscovering Success. New York, Oxford: Oxford  University Press. Braverman, H., 1974. Labor and Monopoly Capital. New York: Monthly Review Press. Brown, L. M., 2004. A Review of J.K. Liker’s â€Å"The Toyota Way†. Business Book Review  21 (12). Cohen, S., Taylor, L., 1992. Escape attempts: the theory and practice of resistance to  everyday life. New York: Routledge. Dale, K., 2001. Anatomising Organization Theory, London: Palgrave. Dale, K., and Burrell, G., 2000. What shape are we in? Organization theory and the  organized body. In: J. Hassard; R. Holliday, and H. Willmott (Eds.). Body and  Organization. London: Sage. Deming, W. E., 1982. Out of the Crisis. Cambridge, Mass: Massachussets Institute of  Technology Center for Advanced Engineering Study. Ezzamel, M., Willmott, H., Worthington, F., 2001. Power, Control and Resistance in  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe Factory that Time Forgot’. Journal of Management Studies , 38 (8), pp.1053-1079. Giddens, A., 1984. The Constitution of Society. Cambridge: Polity Press. Jackall, R.,1988. Looking up and looking around. In: R. Jackall, Moral mazes: the world  of corporate managers (pp. 75-100). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Knights, D., Roberts, J., 1982. The power of organization or the organization of  power. Organisation studies, 3(1), 47- 63. Lennie, I.,1999. Beyond Management. London: Sage. Milgram, S., 1974. Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper Row, Publishers, Inc. Mydans, S., 2009. After Years of Isolation, a Dissident Still Torments Her Tormentors,  The New York Times, [online] Available at:  https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/16/world/asia/16myanmar.html?_r=1 . Peaucelle, J.-L., 2000. From Taylorism to post-Taylorism. Journal of Organizational  Change Management , 13 (5), pp. 452-467. Prasad, P., Prasad, A., 2000. Stretching the Iron Cage: The Constitution and Implications of Routine Workplace Resistance. Organizational Science,  11 (4), pp. 387-403. Pullen, A., 2006. Managing Identity. London: Palgrave. Rothschild, J., Miethe,T. D., 1994. Whistleblowing as resistance in modern work  organizations: The politics of revealing organizati onal deception and abuse. London: Sage. Rosen, M.,1988. You asked for it: Christmas at the bosses’ expense. Journal of  Management Studies , 25 (5), pp. 463-480. Rudge, P. F., 1990. Order and Disorder in Organisations. Kambah: Pirie Printers. Strategic Direction., 2002. Resistance to change: enemy or ally? Strategic Direction , 18  (6), pp. 21-23. Taylor, F. W., 1911. The principles of scientific management. New York: Harper Brothers. Waddell, D., Sohal, A. S., 1998. Resistance: a constructive tool for change  management. Management Decision , 36 (8), pp. 543-528. This essay on Employee Resistance in the Workplace was written and submitted by user Maleah Cox to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.